Kupititsa patsogolo Chitetezo cha Zinthu: Mapaketi Osavomerezeka a Mabatire a EV

Chiyambi

Pamene kupanga ndi kutumiza mabatire a EV ndi magetsi m'malire kukuchulukirachulukira, kulongedza kwakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri pa chitetezo cha zinthu m'malo mochita zinthu mwachizolowezi. Chifukwa mabatire okhala ndi lithiamu amalamulidwa ngati zinthu zoopsa, kulongedza komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito posuntha maselo, ma module, ndi mapaketi kuyenera kuchita zambiri kuposa kungoteteza kuwonongeka: kuyenera kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha short-circuit, kupirira kukhudzidwa, ndikuthandizira kutsatira malamulo oyendetsera mayendedwe. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza chifukwa chake kulongedza kovomerezeka ndi UN ndikofunikira mumakampani atsopano a mabatire amphamvu, zomwe zimathandizira kuwongolera, komanso momwe kusankha koyenera kulongedza kungatetezere kutumiza, kupewa kusokonezeka kokwera mtengo, ndikulimbitsa kudalirika kwa ntchito pa unyolo wonse woperekera.

Chifukwa Chake Kupaka Mabatire Osavomerezeka ndi UN Kuli Kofunika pa Mabatire Atsopano Amagetsi

Kuthamanga mwachangu kwa magalimoto atsopano amphamvu (NEV) ndi magawo osungira mphamvu pa gridi kwasintha kwambiri unyolo wa mabatire padziko lonse lapansi. Popeza kufunikira kwa mabatire a lithiamu-ion (Li-ion) ndi olimba padziko lonse lapansi kukuyembekezeka kupitirira 3.5 TWh pofika chaka cha 2030, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamagetsi amphamvu kwambiri zomwe zimadutsa malire apadziko lonse lapansi kwapangitsa kuti malamulo aziyang'aniridwa mwamphamvu. Chifukwa mabatirewa ali ndi mankhwala osinthasintha omwe amatha kutentha kwambiri, amagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi ngati zinthu zoopsa (Katundu Woopsa wa Gulu 9).

Pakati pa zoopsa zoyendera ndi ma CD ovomerezedwa ndi UN. Opangidwa kuti athe kupirira zoopsa, kupewa ma short circuits, komanso kupewa kufalikira kwa kutentha, mayankho ovomerezedwa ndi UN si mabokosi ongoyang'anira kutsatira malamulo—ndiwo maziko ofunikira kwambiri. Kwa atsogoleri a mainjiniya ndi ogula, kusankha ma CD oyenera ogwirizana kumatsimikizira kuti zotuluka m'mafakitale akuluakulu zimatha kufika pamizere yolumikizira magalimoto mwalamulo komanso mosatekeseka popanda kuwononga malamulo kapena kuyika pachiwopsezo chitetezo cha anthu.

Ziwopsezo za chitetezo, kusokonezeka, ndi mbiri

Vuto lalikulu lomwe limagwirizanitsidwa ndi mabatire atsopano amagetsi ndi kutayika kwa kutentha—kulephera kwa madzi komwe kutentha kwa mkati mwa selo limodzi kumapitirira 600°C mofulumira, kutulutsa mpweya wapoizoni ndikuyatsa maselo oyandikana nawo. Ngati izi zitachitika panthawi yoyenda, kulongedza kwapadera sikuletsa, kuyika zombo zonyamulira, ndege, ndi antchito pangozi.

Kupatula zoopsa zachitetezo, kugwiritsa ntchito ma CD osatsatira malamulo kumabweretsa mavuto aakulu pa unyolo wopereka katundu. Akuluakulu a doko ndi oyang'anira ndege nthawi zambiri amasunga katundu wotumizidwa popanda zikalata zoyenera za UN kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ma CD abodza. Kwa makampani opanga zinthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yokonza zinthu (JIT), kutumiza kamodzi kokha komwe kwasungidwa kumatha kuyimitsa mzere wopangira zinthu, zomwe zimawononga ndalama zambiri pa ola limodzi panthawi yopanga zinthu zopanda ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwonongeka kwa mbiri komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha moto woyendera womwe umagwirizanitsidwa ndi machitidwe osasamala a ma CD kumatha kusokoneza mapangano a ogulitsa a Tier-1 kwamuyaya.

Mavuto amalonda mumakampani opanga mabatire

Ngakhale kuti kutsatira malamulo sikungathe kukambidwa, opanga mabatire amakumana ndi mavuto azamalonda kuti akonze bwino ndalama zoyendetsera zinthu. Kunyamula ndi kulongedza katundu pakadali pano kumawononga pafupifupi 8% mpaka 12% ya mtengo wonse woperekedwa wa paketi ya batire ya EV. Chifukwa chake, mainjiniya olongedza katundu ali ndi ntchito yokulitsa magwiridwe antchito a voliyumu—kuyika ma module ambiri kapena maselo mu chidebe chotumizira katundu wamba—popanda kuphwanya malire a kuchuluka kwa katundu wa satifiketi ya UN.

Kusinthaku kumabweretsa vuto lalikulu. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yowonjezerera zinthu zonyamula katundu kumawonjezera kulemera kwa katundu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ndalama zonyamula katundu zikwere komanso kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito bwino katundu. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kugwiritsa ntchito njira yochepetsera uinjiniya kungayambitse kulephera kwa UN kuchepetsa ndi kuyika zinthu zambiri. Kupambana mumakampani atsopano amagetsi kumafuna kulinganiza bwino zinthu: kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapamwamba, zopepuka kapena zitsulo zomwe zimadutsa satifiketi ya UN pomwe zimachepetsa mtengo wochepetsedwa pa kilowatt-ola iliyonse yonyamulidwa.

Miyezo ndi Ma Code a UN Ogulira Ma Batri

Kunyamula zinthu zoopsa padziko lonse lapansi kumayendetsedwa ndi Malamulo a UN Model, omwe ndi maziko a njira zina monga Malangizo aukadaulo a International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code, ndi Pangano la ku Europe lokhudza Kunyamula Zinthu Zoopsa Padziko Lonse Pamsewu (ADR).

Kwa makampani atsopano a mabatire amagetsi, malamulo awa amalamula njira zenizeni zoyesera, zofunikira pa kapangidwe kake, ndi zoletsa zogwirira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi malamulo a IATA a mayendedwe andege, mabatire a UN3480 lithiamu-ion ayenera kutumizidwa pa State of Charge (SoC) osapitirira 30% ya mphamvu yawo yovomerezeka, ndipo amafunikira mapangidwe apadera kwambiri opaka kuti apewe kugwedezeka kwamagetsi ndi kuwonongeka kwa kinetic.

Magulu a zinthu zoopsa za maselo, ma module, ndi mapaketi

Mabatire a Lithium-ion amagawidwa pansi pa Katundu Woopsa wa Gulu 9, koma nambala yeniyeni ya UN imadalira kapangidwe ka katundu wotumizidwa. Maselo odziyimira pawokha, ma module, ndi mapaketi amatumizidwa pansi pa UN3480 (mabatire a Lithium ion). Ngati batire ili ndi zida zomwe imagwiritsa ntchito, imagwera pansi pa UN3481 (mabatire a Lithium ion odzaza ndi zida), ndipo ngati yaphatikizidwa mu zidazo, imagawidwa ngati UN3481 (mabatire a Lithium ion omwe ali mu zidazo).

Gulu lililonse lili ndi malangizo osiyana oti lipake (monga PI 965 ya UN3480). Ma batire a EV okhala ndi mphamvu zambiri nthawi zambiri amapitirira malire olemera, nthawi zambiri amalemera pakati pa 400 kg ndi 800 kg. Ma batire akuluakulu awa nthawi zambiri amafunikira ziphaso za Large Packaging (LP), monga UN 50A (steel large packaging) kapena UN 50B (aluminium), zomwe zimayesedwa mwapadera kuti zigwirizane ndi katundu wolemera wa mafakitale.

Zizindikiro za UN, mayeso, ndi malamulo

Chizindikiro cha satifiketi cha UN chimapereka chidule chodziwika bwino cha luso la phukusi. Chingwe chodziwika bwino, monga 4A/Y20/S/23/USA/M1234, imasonyeza mtundu wa phukusi (4A wa bokosi lachitsulo), Gulu Lolongedza lomwe limakwaniritsa (Y wa Gulu Lolongedza II), kulemera konse kwakukulu mu ma kilogalamu (20), zomwe zikufunika (S wa cholimba), chaka chopangidwa (23), dziko lovomerezeka, ndi khodi ya wopanga.

Kuti mupeze chizindikiro ichi, ma prototype package ayenera kupambana mayeso ambiri akuthupi. Izi zikuphatikizapo mayeso a 1.2-meter drop test pa malo osiyanasiyana kuti ayerekezere ma hand drop down, ndi mayeso oyika zinthu pamodzi pomwe phukusi liyenera kupirira katundu wosasinthika wofanana ndi mulu wa mamita atatu wa ma phukusi ofanana kwa maola 24 popanda kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake komwe kungawononge batri.

Zofunikira pa magulu ogula ndi opanga zinthu

Magulu okonza zinthu ndi mainjiniya okonza zinthu ayenera kugwirizanitsa zomwe akufuna ndi zoopsa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka batri ndi mtundu wake. Gulu Lonyamula Zinthu la UN (PG) limatchula kuchuluka kwa ngozi zomwe zingachitike pa katunduyo ndipo limalamula kuuma kwa ma CD ofunikira. Mabatire ambiri a Li-ion amafunikira ma CD a PG II (Medium Danger), pomwe mabatire owonongeka kapena olakwika amafunikira ma CD a PG I (High Danger).

Mainjiniya ayenera kusankha malo osungiramo zinthu mkati mwa nyumba—monga ma thovu oletsa kusinthasintha, olekanitsa olimba, ndi ma blister tray osayaka—kuti atsimikizire kuti batire silingasunthike panthawi yoyenda, motero kupewa kuwonongeka kwa malo osungiramo zinthu komanso ma short circuits. Chomangira chonse (bokosi lakunja kuphatikiza malo osungiramo zinthu mkati ndi batire) chiyenera kuyesedwa ndikutsimikiziridwa ngati chinthu chimodzi chogwirizana.

Momwe Mungayerekezere Zosankha Zopaka Zovomerezeka ndi UN

Popeza malamulo oyendetsera zinthu akhazikitsidwa, mabungwe ayenera kusankha njira zopakira zomwe zimagwirizana ndi liwiro la unyolo wawo woperekera zinthu, njira zoyendera, komanso zolinga zokhazikika. Msikawu umapereka mayankho osiyanasiyana ovomerezeka ndi UN kuyambira makatoni a fiberboard omwe angathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka zotengera zachitsulo zolemera komanso zogwiritsidwanso ntchito zomwe zili ndi kutsatira kwa IoT.

Kusankha njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira zinthu kumafuna kusanthula kwa Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). Ngakhale bokosi lopangidwa ndi UN lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi kokha lingakhale ndi mtengo wa $15, chidebe chachitsulo chogwiritsidwanso ntchito chomwe chimapangidwa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito maulendo 50 mpaka 100 chidzakhala ndi ndalama zambiri zogulira zinthu pasadakhale koma chingachepetse kwambiri mtengo wolipirira kulongedza katundu pa katundu uliwonse wotumizidwa pazaka zambiri zopanga zinthu zambiri.

Mitundu yabwino kwambiri yopangira ma cell, ma module, ndi ma pack

Kapangidwe ka batire ndi komwe kamatsimikizira kuti zinthu zonyamula katundu ndi zabwino kwambiri. Maselo ozungulira kapena ozungulira omwe amatumizidwa mochuluka nthawi zambiri amapakidwa mu UN 4G (mabokosi a fiberboard) kapena UN 4H2 (mabokosi olimba apulasitiki) pogwiritsa ntchito mathireyi apulasitiki opangidwa mwamakonda kapena ogawa kuti alekanitse ma terminals osiyanasiyana. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ma cell azinyamula katundu wambiri.

Pa ma module apakati a batire, mabokosi a UN 4A (chitsulo) kapena UN 4B (aluminium) ndi omwe amakondedwa. Mapangidwe olimba awa amateteza mabasi owonekera a ma module ndi mbale zoziziritsira ku kulowa kwa kinetic. Mapaketi a batire a EV osonkhanitsidwa mokwanira, omwe ndi akuluakulu komanso ovuta, amatumizidwa pafupifupi m'mafelemu achitsulo a UN 50A opangidwa mwapadera kapena mabokosi olimba omwe ali ndi matumba ophatikizika a forklift ndi malo ogwirira ntchito olemera kuti azitha kuyenda bwino kapena kuyenda panyanja.

Kusinthasintha kwa mtengo, kugwiritsidwanso ntchito, ndi magwiridwe antchito

Kusankha pakati pa ma CD ogwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi (osagwiritsidwanso ntchito) ndi ma CD ambiri (ogwiritsidwanso ntchito) kumadalira pa logistics loop. Ma CD ogwiritsidwanso ntchito amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri mu ma closed-loop supply chains—monga kunyamula ma modules kuchokera kwa wopanga ma cell kupita ku malo okonzera ma CD. Financial modeling nthawi zambiri imawonetsa kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa ma cycles 12 mpaka 15; kupitirira apo, ma bins a pulasitiki ogwiritsidwanso ntchito kapena olemera amapereka ROI yabwino kwambiri.

Mayankho opangidwa mwamakonda poyerekeza ndi okhazikika

Ma phukusi okhazikika, monga mapazi a VDA KLT omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo a magalimoto aku Europe, amalola opanga kupeza zotengera zovomerezeka ndi UN zomwe sizili pamtengo wokhazikika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nthawi yopangira zinthu izi ikhale yochepa. Mayankho okhazikika ndi abwino kwambiri pama cell okhazikika kapena kukula kwa ma module wamba.

Komabe, ma geometries a mapaketi a EV omwe ali ndi katundu nthawi zambiri amafunika kulongedza mwamakonda. Kupanga njira yovomerezeka ya UN kumafuna ndalama zambiri pasadakhale, ndi ndalama zogulira zida zama tray a thermoformed dunnage kuyambira $15,000 mpaka $40,000, kuphatikiza mtengo woyesa satifiketi ya UN ya chipani chachitatu (nthawi zambiri $5,000 mpaka $10,000 pa kapangidwe kalikonse). Ngakhale kuti ndalamazi zimawononga ndalama zambiri, kulongedza mwamakonda kumachepetsa zinyalala za volumetric, kuonetsetsa kuti phukusi lililonse limakhala ndi katundu wambiri ndipo pamapeto pake kuchepetsa ndalama zoyendetsera katundu padziko lonse lapansi.

Njira Zotsatirira Malamulo ndi Zoyendetsera Zinthu Kuti Mabatire Atumizidwe Motetezeka

Kupeza ma CD ovomerezedwa ndi UN ndi gawo loyamba lokha; kusunga malamulo panthawi yonyamula katundu ndi kunyamula katundu ndi komwe maunyolo ambiri operekera katundu amalephera. Kukonza mabatire atsopano kumafuna njira zoyendetsera ntchito (SOPs) zolimba kuti zitsimikizire kuti ma CD ovomerezedwawo akugwiritsidwa ntchito monga momwe adayesedwera.

Mbali yofunika kwambiri ya gawoli la ntchito ndi kuyang'anira zinthu zina, makamaka pogwira ntchito ndi mabatire omwe sakulamulira bwino kapena omwe awonongeka m'munda. Mabungwe olamulira amasamalira mabatire a lithiamu-ion omwe ali ndi vuto mosamala kwambiri, akulamula njira zapadera zotetezera zomwe zimatha kuthana ndi kupsinjika mpaka 300 kPa ndikuletsa kufalikira kwa moto wakunja.

Njira yotumizira yofunikira kwa opanga ndi magulu okonza zinthu

Njira yotumizira katundu imayamba ndi kasamalidwe ka State of Charge (SoC) kotsimikizika. Mabatire ayenera kutulutsidwa mpaka malire olamulidwa (monga, 30% ya maulendo a pandege) ndikulembedwa. Kenako, batire iyenera kuyikidwa mu phukusi pogwiritsa ntchito dunnage yeniyeni yamkati yomwe yafotokozedwa mu lipoti la mayeso a UN. Kulowetsa thovu losiyana kapena kusiya cholekanitsa pulasitiki nthawi yomweyo kumapangitsa kuti satifiketi ya UN ikhale yopanda ntchito.

Mukatseka, kunja kwa phukusili kuyenera kulembedwa bwino ndikulembedwa. Izi zikuphatikizapo chizindikiro cha Class 9 Lithium Battery hazard, nambala ya UN (monga UN3480), ndi chizindikiro cha Cargo Aircraft Only (CAO) ngati chilipo. Pomaliza, Chilengezo cha Katundu Woopsa (DG) chiyenera kupangidwa ndi wotumiza zinthu zoopsa wovomerezeka, zomwe zimakakamiza wopanga kuti atsatire malamulo a kutumiza.

Kusamalira mabatire owonongeka kapena olakwika

Kusamalira mabatire owonongeka, olakwika, kapena obwezeretsedwa (DDR) kumabweretsa zofunikira kwambiri pa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu. Malinga ndi malamulo monga Special Provision 376 (ADR/IMDG), mabatire a DDR omwe amatha kusweka mwachangu kapena kutenthedwa ayenera kunyamulidwa mu phukusi la UN Packing Group I (X-rated).

Mabotolo apaderawa nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi chitsulo cholemera ndipo amadzazidwa ndi zipangizo zoyendetsera kutentha. Kuyika mkati mwa bokosi lofanana kumafuna kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zosayaka, zosagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu monga vermiculite kapena granules zopangidwa ndi injini zoletsa moto (monga PyroBubbles). Mabotolo apamwamba a DDR angaphatikizeponso njira zoyeretsera mpweya kuti atulutse mpweya woopsa wa hydrofluoric (HF) pamene ali ndi malawi ndi zipolopolo panthawi ya kutentha.

Kulephera kofala komwe kumayambitsa kuchedwa ndi chindapusa

Kutsatira malamulo okhudza kayendetsedwe ka mabatire n'kokhwima, ndipo kulephera kwa oyang'anira kapena ogwira ntchito kumakhala ndi zilango zazikulu. Zolakwa zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kutumiza mabatire pa SoC yoposa 30% kudzera mumlengalenga popanda chilolezo chovomerezeka, kugwiritsa ntchito mapaketi okhala ndi zizindikiro za UN zosawerengeka kapena zotsekedwa, kapena kulephera kulengeza kutumiza molondola pa zikalata za DG.

Zotsatira zandalama za kulephera kumeneku n’zoopsa kwambiri. Malinga ndi malamulo a FAA ndi US DOT, zilango za boma chifukwa cha kuphwanya zinthu zoopsa zimatha kupitirira $80,000 pa kuphwanya malamulo aliwonse, ndipo kunyalanyaza malamulo achitetezo mwadala kungayambitse milandu. Kuphatikiza apo, opereka chithandizo cha mayendedwe ndi otumiza katundu nthawi yomweyo amaletsa opanga omwe ali ndi mbiri yolephera kutsatira malamulo, zomwe zimalepheretsa luso lawo logawa zinthu padziko lonse lapansi.

Momwe Mungasankhire Wogulitsa Mapaketi Wosavomerezeka ndi UN

Popeza udindo wonyamula zinthu zoopsa umakhala pa wotumiza katundu, kusankha wopanga zinthu zonyamula katundu ndi chisankho chotsatira malamulo. Wopereka katundu sayenera kungokhala ndi luso lopanga zinthu zolimba komanso luso lolamulira kuti azitha kusintha zinthu zoopsa padziko lonse lapansi.

Pofufuza omwe angakhale ogwirizana nawo, makampani opanga magalimoto ndi opanga mabatire ayenera kuyang'ana kwambiri kuposa mitengo ya chinthu chilichonse. Ayenera kuwunika momwe ogulitsa amayendetsera zinthu, kukula kwa kupanga, komanso kuthekera kothandizira moyo wonse wa phukusi, makamaka pamene Minimum Order Quantities (MOQs) zamabokosi a UN opangidwa mwapadera amatha kuyambira mayunitsi 500 mpaka 2,000.

Ziyeneretso za ogulitsa ndi njira zowunikira

Wopereka ma CD oyenerera a UN ayenera kugwira ntchito motsatira njira yoyendetsera bwino kwambiri, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatsimikiziridwa ndi satifiketi ya ISO 9001. Chifukwa satifiketi ya UN imaperekedwa kutengera chitsanzo, wogulitsayo ayenera kuwonetsa kusinthasintha kotheratu pakupanga zinthu zambiri; kupotoka kulikonse mu makulidwe a zinthu, umphumphu wa weld, kapena kuchuluka kwa chinyezi cha fiberboard kungayambitse kuti chipangizo chopangira chilephereke chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwenikweni.

Zofunikira pakuwunika ziyenera kuphatikizapo kutsimikizira kuti wogulitsayo angapeze malo oyesera ovomerezeka ndi ISTA. Ogulitsa omwe ali ndi luso loyesa kutsika ndi kuphwanya amatha kusintha mapangidwe awo mwachangu kwambiri kuposa omwe amadalira ma lab a chipani chachitatu. Kuphatikiza apo, magulu ogula ayenera kufunsa kuti zinthuzo zitsatidwe bwino ndikupempha malipoti oyesera a UN oyambilira, osasinthidwa kuti atsimikizire kuti phukusilo linayesedwa ndi katundu woyimirira kuchuluka kwa batri ndi mawonekedwe a wogula.

Kulinganiza kutsata malamulo, mtengo wa moyo wonse, ndi kuyenerera kwa ntchito

Kusankha komaliza kumafuna kulinganiza malamulo okhwima okhudzana ndi ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kuphatikiza ntchito. Kuti zinthu zigwiritsidwenso ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo, ogula ayenera kuwunika momwe katunduyo alili. Kupeza zidebe zachitsulo cholemera kuchokera kwa ogulitsa akunja kungapangitse kuti katundu wopanda kanthu awonongeke kwambiri; motero, kupeza malo osungiramo zinthu pafupi ndi fakitale yayikulu ya batri nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofunikira pazachuma.

Ogula ayeneranso kugwirizana ndi ogulitsa kuti apange njira yoyenera yogwirira ntchito. Izi zikutanthauza kuonetsetsa kuti chidebe chovomerezeka ndi UN chikugwirizana bwino ndi magalimoto oyendetsedwa okha (AGVs) pafakitale, chikugwirizana bwino ndi zidebe zotumizira za ISO kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito bwino kwambiri, komanso chili ndi njira zomangira zokhazikika kuti zichepetse nthawi yogwira ntchito ponyamula ndi kutsitsa katundu. Wogulitsa wosankhidwa bwino amagwira ntchito ngati wowonjezera gulu la mainjiniya, potseka kusiyana pakati pa kutsatira malamulo a zinthu zoopsa ndi magwiridwe antchito opangira zinthu mopanda kuwononga.

Mfundo Zofunika Kwambiri

• Zomaliza zofunika kwambiri komanso zifukwa zofunika kwambiri pamakampani opanga mabatire atsopano amagetsi
• Mafotokozedwe, kutsata malamulo, ndi macheke owopsa oyenera kutsimikiziridwa musanachite izi
• Njira zotsatila zogwira mtima komanso machenjezo omwe owerenga angagwiritse ntchito nthawi yomweyo

Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri

Kodi ma CD ovomerezedwa ndi UN amatanthauza chiyani pa kutumiza mabatire a EV?

Zimatanthauza kuti phukusili lapambana mayeso a UN a zinthu zoopsa kuti liwone ngati zingakhudze, kuyika zinthu zambiri, komanso kusunga zinthu, ndipo lavomerezedwa kuti linyamule mabatire a Class 9 monga maselo a lithiamu-ion, ma module, kapena ma paketi.

Ndi nambala iti ya UN yomwe imagwira ntchito pa mabatire a lithiamu-ion?

UN3480 imagwira ntchito pa mabatire odziyimira pawokha a lithiamu-ion. UN3481 imagwira ntchito ngati mabatire ali ndi zida kapena ali mu zida. Kukhazikitsa kolondola kumatsimikizira malangizo ofunikira pakulongedza.

N’chifukwa chiyani kulongedza nthawi zonse kwa mabatire atsopano amagetsi sikukwanira?

Ma phukusi okhazikika sangalepheretse ma short circuits, kuphwanya, kapena kufalikira kwa kutentha. Mapangidwe ovomerezedwa ndi UN amapangidwa kuti azitha kuyang'anira zoopsa za katundu woopsa ndikuchepetsa kusungidwa kwa katundu, chiopsezo cha moto, komanso kulephera kutsatira malamulo.

Kodi pali malire otumizira mabatire a lithiamu-ion mumlengalenga?

Inde. Pa maulendo ambiri a pandege a UN3480, malamulo a IATA amafuna kuti ndalama zolipirira zikhale pa 30% kapena pansi pake, komanso zofunikira pakulongedza, kulemba zilembo, ndi zikalata.

Kodi ndi liti pamene mabatire a EV amafunika satifiketi yayikulu yolongedza?

Mapaketi akuluakulu kapena olemera, nthawi zambiri olemera pafupifupi 400–800 kg, angafunike ziphaso za Large Packaging monga UN 50A kapena UN 50B, kutengera zida ndi kapangidwe kovomerezeka.